{"id":13,"date":"2014-01-08T08:32:59","date_gmt":"2014-01-08T08:32:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/atelpa.com\/?p=13"},"modified":"2016-08-14T20:33:59","modified_gmt":"2016-08-14T20:33:59","slug":"taro-vesture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atelpa.com\/ru\/taro-vesture\/","title":{"rendered":"Taro v\u0113sture"},"content":{"rendered":"

History[edit<\/a>]<\/h2>\n

Playing cards first entered\u00a0Europe<\/a>\u00a0in the late 14th century, probably from\u00a0Mamluk Egypt<\/a>, with suits very similar to the tarot suits of Swords, Staves, Cups and Coins (also known as disks, andpentacles<\/a>) and those still used in traditional\u00a0Italian<\/a>,\u00a0Spanish<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Portuguese<\/a>\u00a0decks.[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

The first known documented tarot cards were created between 1430 and 1450 in\u00a0Milan<\/a>,\u00a0Ferrara<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Bologna<\/a>\u00a0in northern\u00a0Italy<\/a>\u00a0when additional trump cards with allegorical\u00a0illustrations<\/a>\u00a0were added to the common four-suit pack. These new decks were originally called\u00a0carte da trionfi<\/i>, triumph cards, and the additional cards known simply as\u00a0trionfi<\/a>, which became «trumps» in English. The first literary evidence of the existence of\u00a0carte da trionfi<\/i>\u00a0is a written statement in the court records in Florence, in 1440. The oldest surviving tarot cards are from fifteen fragmented decks painted in the mid 15th century for the Visconti-Sforza family, the rulers of Milan.[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Early decks[edit<\/a>]<\/h3>\n
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Le Bateleur<\/i>:\u00a0The Juggler<\/i>\u00a0from the\u00a0Tarot of Marseilles<\/a>. This card is often named\u00a0The Magician<\/i>\u00a0in modern English language tarots<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Picture-card packs are first mentioned by\u00a0Martiano da Tortona<\/a>\u00a0probably between 1418 and 1425, since the painter he mentions,\u00a0Michelino da Besozzo<\/a>, returned to Milan in 1418, while Martiano himself died in 1425. He describes a deck with 16 picture cards with images of the\u00a0Greek<\/a>\u00a0gods and suits depicting four kinds of birds, not the common suits. However the 16 cards were obviously regarded as «trumps» as, about 25 years later,\u00a0Jacopo Antonio Marcello<\/a>\u00a0called them a\u00a0ludus triumphorum<\/i>, or «game of trumps».[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Special motifs on cards added to regular packs show\u00a0philosophical<\/a>,\u00a0social<\/a>,\u00a0poetical<\/a>,\u00a0astronomical<\/a>, and\u00a0heraldic<\/a>\u00a0ideas,\u00a0Roman<\/a>\/Greek<\/a>\/Babylonian<\/a>\u00a0heroes, as in the case of the Sola-Busca-Tarocchi (1491)[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and the Boiardo Tarocchi poem, written at an unknown date between 1461 and 1494.[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Two playing card decks from Milan (the Brera-Brambilla and Cary-Yale-Tarocchi)\u2014extant, but fragmentary\u2014were made circa 1440. Three documents dating from 1 January 1441 to July 1442, use the term\u00a0trionfi<\/i>. The document from January 1441 is regarded as an unreliable reference; however, the same painter,Sagramoro<\/a>, was commissioned by the same patron,\u00a0Leonello d’Este<\/a>, as in the February 1442 document. The game seemed to gain in importance in the year 1450, a\u00a0Jubilee<\/a>\u00a0year in Italy, which saw many festivities and the movement of many pilgrims.<\/p>\n

Three mid-15th century sets were made for members of the Visconti family.[14]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The first deck, and probably the prototype, is called the Cary-Yale Tarot (or Visconti-Modrone Tarot) and was created between 1442 and 1447 by an anonymous painter for Filippo Maria Visconti.[14]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The cards (only 67) are today in the Cary collection of the\u00a0Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library<\/a>\u00a0at\u00a0Yale University<\/a>, in the U.S. state of Connecticut.[15]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0The most famous was painted in the mid-15th century, to celebrate Francesco Sforza and his wife Bianca Maria Visconti, daughter of the duke Filippo Maria. Probably, these cards were painted byBonifacio Bembo<\/a>\u00a0or Francesco Zavattari between 1451 and 1453.[14]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Of the original cards, 35 are in\u00a0The Morgan Library & Museum<\/a>, 26 are at the\u00a0Accademia Carrara<\/a>, thirteen are at the\u00a0Casa Colleoni<\/a>,[14]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0and four: The Devil, The Tower, Money’s Horse (The Chariot), and the 3 of Spades, are lost or were never made. This\u00a0«Visconti-Sforza» deck<\/a>, which has been widely reproduced, reflects conventional iconography of the time to a significant degree.[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Hand-painted tarot cards remained a privilege of the upper classes and, although a single sermon by a Dominican preacher inveighing against the evil inherent in cards (mostly centered around their use in gambling) can be traced to the 14th century,[17]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0no routine condemnations of tarot were found during its early history.[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

Because the earliest tarot cards were hand-painted, the number of the decks produced is thought to have been rather small, and it was only after the invention of the\u00a0printing press<\/a>\u00a0that mass production of cards became possible. Decks survive from this era from various cities in\u00a0France<\/a>, and the most popular pattern of these early printed decks comes from the southern city of\u00a0Marseilles<\/a>, after which it is named the\u00a0Tarot de Marseilles<\/a>.[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

History[edit] Playing cards first entered\u00a0Europe\u00a0in the late 14th century, probably from\u00a0Mamluk Egypt, with suits very similar to the tarot suits of Swords, Staves, Cups and Coins (also known as disks, andpentacles) and those still used in traditional\u00a0Italian,\u00a0Spanish\u00a0and\u00a0Portuguese\u00a0decks.[10] The first known documented tarot cards were created between 1430 and 1450 in\u00a0Milan,\u00a0Ferrara\u00a0and\u00a0Bologna\u00a0in northern\u00a0Italy\u00a0when additional trump cards with…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-1"],"yoast_head":"\nTaro v\u0113sture - 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